Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd v. JULIA SHOP

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCOMAA0042/14/CS (Kayitesi R. P.J., Mukandamage na Kanyange, J.) 18 Werurwe 2016]

Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubucuruzi – Ububasha – Gutanga ikirego mu izina ry’ubucuruzi – Julia Shop nta bubasha bwo kurega ifite kuko atari isosiyete y’ubucuruzi ifite buzima gatozi; ahubwo ni ubucuruzi bw’umuntu ku giti cye aho ikirego gitangwa na nyirabwo mu izina rye bwite kabone n’iyo yaba afite izina ry’ubucuruzi – Itegeko Nº21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 2 – Itegeko Nº07/2009 ryo kuwa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi, ingingo ya 16 n’iya 375 – Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº02/05/2009 ryo ku wa 08/05/2009 ryerekeye ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu badafite ubushobozi buhagije, ingingo ya 2 n’iya 10.

Incamake y’ikibazo: Julia Shop yasabye gufungurirwa letter of credit muri ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd (LC) ifite agaciro ka 860.000 USD. Ayo madorari akaba yaragombaga kwishyurwa Five Star Trading FZCO.

Nyuma y’uko inyandiko zagombaga gutuma Five Star Trading FZCO yishyurwa zigaragariyemo amakosa EBI BANK S.A yategetse Five Star Trading FZCO kuzisubirana. Julia Shop yo yavuze ko ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yabirenzeho maze itegeka EBI BANK S.A kwishyura ayo amadorari ishingiye ku kuba Julia shop yari yemeye gukosora ayo makosa mu gihe yo ivuga ko itari yakayamenyeshejwe.

Julia Shop yaregeye Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi maze narwo rwemeza ko ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yakoze amakosa ubwo yategekaga IBI SA Paris kwishyura Five Star Trading FZCO 860.000USD hashingiwe ku nyandiko zitujuje ibisabwa (letter of credit). ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi ivuga ko ikirego cya Julia Shop kitagombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere kuko entreprise nta bubasha bwo kurega igira.

Urwo Rukiko rwemeje ko ikirego cya ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd nta shingiro gifite runemeza ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe. Mu gufata iki cyemezo rwasobanuye ko Julia Shop ifite ubuzima gatozi kuko no mu nyandiko bagiye bandikirana hakoreshwaga Julia Shop byumvikanisha ko ibufite. Rwanavuze kandi ko icyemezo cy’iyandikwa ry’ubucuruzi kigaragaza ko Julia Shop ifite ubuzima gatozi.

ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yajuriye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho rwemeza ko Julia Shop ifite ubuzima gatozi.

Julia Shop yo yatanze ubujurire bwuririye kubundi isaba ko indishyi yagenewe zakongerwa inavuga kandi ko ifite ubuzima gatozi nk’uko icyemezo cy’iyandikwa ry’ubucuruzi kibigaragaza, bikanashimangirwa n’amasezerano yabaye hagati y’impande zombi agaragaza ko atabaye hagati ya ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd na Mukandahiro Julienne.

Incamake y’icyemezo: Kuba itegeko rigenga iby’amasosite ritegenya ko iyandikisha, imiterere n’imikorere by’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bikorwa n’abantu badashobora kwinjiza nibura ibihumbi icumi (10.000) ku munsi bigenwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite ubucuruzi mu nshingano ze, Julia Shop ikaba yaranditswe hashingiwe ku Iteka rya Minisitiri N^o02/09// MINICOM ryo kuwa 08/05/2009 ryerekeye ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu badafite ubushobozi buhagije bigaragaza ko Julia Shop ari izina ry’ubucuruzi bw’umuntu ku giti cye; ku bw’ibyo ikaba idafite ubuzima gatozi ku buryo yatanga ikirego mu rukiko. Bityo rero Julia Shop ntiyashoboraga gutanga ikirego mu rukiko kuko nta bubasha ibifitiye.

Ubujurire bufite ishingiro;

Ikirego nticyagombaga kwakirwa;

Urubanza rwajuririwe ruvanyweho;

Julia Shop itegetswe kwishyura amagarama y’urubanaza.

Amategeko yashingiweho:

Itegeko Nº21/2012 ryo kuwa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, ingingo ya 2.

Itegeko Nº07/2009 ryo kuwa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi, ingingo ya 16 n’iya 375.

Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº02/05/2009 ryo kuwa 08/05/2009 ryerekeye ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu badafite ubushobozi buhagije, ingingo ya 2 n’iya 10.

Nta manza zifashishijwe

Ibitekerezo by’abahanga byifashishijwe:

J.P. Bertrel et M. Bertrel, Droit des sociétés, in Droit de l’entreprise, Paris, Wolters Kluwer France SAS, 2010/2011, p.382.

Urubanza

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1]               Kuwa 19/06/2012, Julia Shop yasabye gufungurirwa letter of credit muri ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd (LC) ifite agaciro ka 860.000USD kubera isoko ryo kugemura ifumbire yari yatsindiye muri MINAGRI, ayo madorari akaba yaragombaga kwishyurwa Five Star Trading FZCO.

[2]               Five Star Trading FZCO yashyikirije inyandiko Emirates Islamic Bank ngo izigeze kuri EBI S.A Paris, France kugira ngo yishyure, EBI S.A. Paris izisuzumye isanga zirimo amakosa harebwe ibigenga LC (UPC 600), iyisaba kuzisubirana, Julia Shop ikavuga ko ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yabirenzeho igategeka EBI BANK S.A kwishyura amadorari yavuzwe haruguru ibishingiye ko Julia Shop yemeye kuvanaho amakosa EBI S.A Paris yari yagaragaje, mu gihe Julia Shop ivuga ko itamenyeshejwe izo nyandiko.

[3]               Julia Shop yaregeye Urukiko rw'Ubucuruzi ikirego cyasobanuwe haruguru, urwo rukiko rwemeza ko ikirego cyayo gifite ishingiro, ko ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yakoze amakosa itegeka EBI S.A Paris kwishyura Five Star Trading FZCO 860.000USD hashingiwe ku nyandiko zitujuje ibyo letter of credit isaba, rutegeka ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd gusubiza ayo madorari kuri konti ya Julia Shop, ikanayiha indishyi zingana na 10.000.000 Frw z'uko yakuye ayo madorari kuri konti yayo mu buryo itazi na 300.000Frw y'ikurikiranarubanza n'igihembo cy’Avoka.

[4]               ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yajuririye urwo rubanza mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ivuga ko ikirego cya Julia Shop kitagombaga kwakirwa ku rwego rwa mbere kuko nka Entreprise, nta bubasha ifite bwo kurega ahubwo bufitwe n'uwo yanditseho ari we Mukandahiro Julienne, ko kandi ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yashyizweho amakosa itakoze inacibwa indishyi zidafite aho zishingiye.

[5]               Urukiko rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd nta shingiro bufite, ko n’ubujurire bubwuririyeho bwa Julia Shop bufite ishingiro gusa ku birebana n'igihembo cy’Avoka mu bujurire, ruyigenera 500.000Frw.

[6]               Urukiko rwasobanuye ko Julia Shop ari izina ry'ubucuruzi rya entreprise ya Mukandahiro Julienne kandi ifite ubuzimagatozi, ko no mu nyandiko impande zombi zagiye zandikirana hagiye hakoreshwa Julia Shop bikumvikana ko havugwa entreprise ya Mukandahiro Julienne; ko no muri certificate of entreprise registratiion, bisobanutse ko iyo entreprise ifite ubuzimagatozi, ikaba kandi yaratanze ikirego mu izina ry'Umuyobozi wayo ari nawe nyirayo.

[7]               Ku birebana n’urubanza mu mizi, rwasobanuye ko imiburanire ya ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd y'uko muri email yo kuwa 05/09/2012 Julia Shop yemeye discrepancies zose, nta shingiro ifite kuko emails zose zagaragajwe zirebana n'inyemezabwishyu, bikanagaragazwa n’ibaruwa yayo yo kuwa 06/09/2012.

[8]               Ku ndishyi zagenwe ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yavugaga ko nta shingiro zifite, rwasobanuye ko urukiko rwa mbere rwasobanuye ko ibyakozwe n'iyo Banki aribyo byateye ikibazo Julia Shop, binemezwa bityo mu bujurire, ko rero indishyi yahawe zifite ishingiro, ko kandi kuvuga ko itagaragaje igihombo yagize nta shingiro bifite kuko iyo ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd idategeka ko Five Star Trading FZCO yishyurwa ikabanza gukosora ibibazo byari byagaragajwe, Julia Shop iba yarabonye ibyo yari yatumije kandi ko ryari isoko riyifitiye inyungu, ko rero ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yamuteye igihombo yaherewe indishyi.

[9]               Rwasanze indishyi ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd isaba zitakwirirwa zisuzumwa kuko urubanza izisabamo irutsinzwe, ko n'indishyi Julia Shop isaba zigamije kongera izatanzwe ku rwego rwa mbere nta shingiro zifite kuko itagaragaza impamvu itishimiye izo yagenewe, nta n’imibare ifatika yagaragaje ishingiye ku gihombo nyakuri yaba yaragize, ko rero n'ubwo byagaragara ko yagize igihombo, hagumaho izo yagenewe mu bushishozi bw'urukiko rwa mbere.

[10]           ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd yajuririye mu Rukiko rw'Ikirenga, ivuga ko urukiko rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho rwemeza ko Julia Shop ifite ubuzimagatozi, ko kandi urukiko rwashyize amakosa kuri ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd arebana n'iyishyurwa rya Five Star Trading FZCO kandi nyamara Julia Shop yari yemeye kuvanaho amakosa yari yagaragajwe (discrepancies). Na none kandi ngo ECOBANK Rwanda Ltd yaciwe indishyi kandi nta makosa yakoze. Julia Shop nayo yatanze ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi isaba ko indishyi yagenewe zakongerwa.

[11]           Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 06/10/2015, ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd ihagararawe na Me Rubasha Herbert hamwe na Me Umugwaneza Claudine, Julia Shop ihagarariwe na Me Mbaga Tuzinde Mbonyimbuga.

II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N'ISESENGURWA RYABYO

1. Kumenya niba Julia Shop idashobora kurega kuko idafite ubuzimagatozi.

[12]           Ababuranira ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd bavuga ko urukiko rwemeje ko Julia Shop ifite ububasha bwo kurega kandi nyamara ari izina ry’ubucuruzi, ko  ahubwo Mukandahiro Julienne ari we wagombaga kurega kuko ari we entreprise yanditseho. Bavuga ko Urukiko rwafashe ko Julia Shop ari sosiyete kandi ari entreprise, ko kandi ibyo byombi byandikwa hakurikijwe amategeko atandukanye kuko kuri sosiyete hakurikizwa Itegeko Nº7/2009 ryo kuwa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi nk'uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, mu gihe ubucuruzi bukorwa n'abantu ku giti cyabo bwandikwa muri RDB hakurikijwe Iteka rya Minisitiri N^o02/09/MINICOM du 08/05/2009, kandi n'ubucuruzi bwa Julia Shop bukaba bwaranditswe hakurikijwe iryo Teka nk’uko certificat yahawe ibigaragaza.

[13]           Bavuga kandi ko kurega bigomba gutandukanywa na relations commerciales aho hagiye hakoreshwa Julia Shop, ko n’imanza zaciwe ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd isaba ko zashingirwaho hagomba kurebwa uko ziteye. Basanga kandi nta nenge y'imyandikire yabayeho nk'uko uburanira ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd abivuga, ko ahubwo ikirego kitagombaga kwakirwa.

[14]           Uburanira Julia Shop avuga ko ifite ubuzimagatozi nk'uko bigaragazwa na certificate of enterprise registration, bigashimangirwa n'amasezerano yose yabaye hagati ya JULIA SHOP na ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd kuko atakozwe hagati y’iyo Banki na Mukandahiro Julienne. Asobanura ko Julia Shop/Julienne Mukandahiro ari we watanze ikirego ku rwego rwa mbere, ko mu nyandiko no mu mwanzuro urega yagaragaje izina ry’ubucuruzi rye, entreprise code y’urega n’uyihagarariye ari we Mukandahiro Julienne, ko kuba hatarabanje kwandikwa Mukandahiro Julienne ngo hakurikireho Julia Shop, bitafatwa ko entreprise idafite ubuzimagatozi mu gihe yanditse mu bitabo by’ubucuruzi mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko.

[15]           Avuga kandi ko hari imanza zaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga zigaragaza ko uwajuriye cyangwa uregwa ari entreprise mu izina ry’uyihagarariye, atanga ingero ku rubanza RADA0002/12/CS aho uwajuriye ari entreprise ERGECO mu izina ry’Umuyobozi wayo, haregwa entreprise ECOSEC mu izina ry’umuyobozi wayo, ku birebana n’uru rubanza naho hakaba harareze Julia Shop mu izina ry’umuyobozi wayo, ko kandi mu gihe haba harabaye ikibazo mu myandikire, byakosorwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 93 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[16]           Ingingo ya 375 y’Itegeko Nº07/2009 ryo ku wa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi nk’uko ryahinduwe kugeza ubu, iteganya ko ibyerekeye iyandikisha, imiterere n’imikorere by’ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu badashobora kwinjiza nibura ibihumbi icumi (10.000Frw) ku munsi bigenwa n’Iteka rya Minisitiri ufite ubucuruzi mu nshingano ze.

[17]           Hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’iyo ngingo, hashyizweho Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº02/05/2009 ryo ku wa 08/05/2009 ryerekeye ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu badafite ubushobozi buhagije, ingingo yaryo ya kabiri ikaba iteganya ko “Igikorwa cy’ubucuruzi hakurikijwe iri teka ni igikorwa cy’umuntu wese yaba umugore cyangwa umugabo ukora ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi, byanditswe hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’iri teka harimo kugura no kugurisha, gutanga serivisi cyangwa se ikindi gikorwa icyo aricyo cyose mu buryo buhoraho gikorwa hagamijwe kubona inyungu”.

[18]           Kubirebana n’ubucuruzi bwa Mukandahiro Julienne, icyemezo cy’iyandikwa (Certificate of enterprise registration) cyatanzwe na RDB kuwa 21/09/2011, kigaragaza ko cyatanzwe hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 10 y’Iteka rya Minisitiri Nº02/09//MINICOM ryo kuwa 08/05/2009 ryavuzwe haruguru. Nk’uko umutwe w’iryo Teka ubivuga hamwe n’ingingo yaryo ya kabiri, bigaragara ko ryerekeye ubucuruzi bukorwa n’abantu, bivuze ko ritareba iyandikishwa ry’amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi kuko yo yandikwa hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 16 y’Itegeko Nº07/2009 ryo kuwa 27/04/2009 ryerekeye amasosiyete y’ubucuruzi.

[19]           Icyo cyemezo cy’iyandikwa ry’ubucuruzi, kigaragaza ko cyahawe Mukandahiro Julienne nka nyiri ubucuruzi (Enterprise name) ko kandi iyo entreprise ikorera ku izina ry’ubucuruzi rya Julia Shop (Business name). Kuba rero Julia Shop ari izina ry’ ubucuruzi bw’umuntu (Entreprise individuelle), byumvikana ko nta buzima gatozi iyo entreprise ifite ku buryo yatanga ikirego mu Rukiko, ahubwo bikorwa na nyiri ubucuruzi cyangwa nyiri entreprise ariwe Mukandahiro Julienne nk’uko n’icyemezo cy’iyandikwa kibigaragaza (Business owner).

[20]           Ibimaze kuvugwa ni nako bisobanurwa n’inyandiko z’abahanga mu mategeko aho bavuga ko ubucuruzi bw’umuntu ari ubukorwa n’umuntu ku giti cye, ko bivugwa ko bene ubwo bucuruzi abukora mu izina rye. Bavuga kandi ko ubwo bucuruzi butagira ubuzimagatozi butandukanye n’ubw’umuntu ku giti cye ubukora^[1]. Ibi kandi ni nako bisobanuwe mu nyandiko ziri ku rubuga rwa Intenet nazo zigaragaza ko entreprise y’umuntu ku giti cye idafite ubuzimagatozi, ko idashobora kurega mu rukiko ahubwo bikorwa na nyirayo mu izina rye^[2].

[21]           Ku birebana n’uru rubanza, inyandiko itanga ikirego ku rwego rwa mbere, igaragaza ko hareze Julia Shop ifite entreprise code Nº100092512 mu izina ry’Umuyobozi wayo Mukandahiro Julienne, ndetse n’imyanzuro ya Avoka igaragaza ko yakozwe mu mwanya wa Julia Shop. Uko ni nako bimeze mu mwanzuro yo kwiregura mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga, aho bigaragara ko yatanzwe mu mwanya wa Julia Shop.

[22]           Hashingiwe ku byasobanuwe haruguru, ntabwo Julia Shop yarega mu izina ry’Umuyobozi wayo kuko idafite ubuzimagatozi nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru, ahubwo hagomba kurega nyiri entreprise cyangwa nyiri ubucuruzi ariwe Mukandahiro Julienne, bityo hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 2, igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko Nº21/2012 ryo ku wa 14/06/2012 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi, iteganya ko ikirego kitakirwa mu rukiko iyo urega adafite ububasha, inyungu n’ubushobozi bwo kurega, uru Rukiko rurasanga ikirego cyatanzwe na Julia Shop mu izina ry’Umuyobozi wayo Mukandahiro Julienne kitaragombaga kwakirwa kuko cyatanzwe n’udafite ububasha kuko Julia Shop idafite ubuzimagatozi, bivuze ko urubanza RCOM0389/14/TC/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi hamwe n’urubanza RCOMA0367/14/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi zigomba kuvaho, akaba atari na ngombwa gusuzuma izindi ngingo z’ubujurire za ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd .

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

[23]           Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa ECOBANK RWANDA Ltd bufite ishingiro;

[24]           Rwemeje ko ikirego cyatanzwe na Julia Shop kitagombaga kwakirwa;

[25]           Rwemeje ko urubanza RCOM0389/14/TC/NYG rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ubucuruzi hamwe n’urubanza RCOMA0367/14/HCC rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi zivuyeho;

[26]           Rutegetse Julia Shop gutanga amagarama y’urubanza angana na 100.000Frw.