Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

SORAS ASSURANCES GENERALES Ltd v. TROMEA Ltd

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RCOMAA0020/16/CS (Mukanyundo, P.J., Kanyange na Ngagi J.) 21 Ukwakira 2016]

Amategeko agenga imiburanishirize y’imanza z’ubucuruzi –Ikirego cy’indishyi – Amasezerano y’ubwishingizi – Ikoreshwa ry’ihame “le criminel tient le civil en etat” – N’ubwo iri hame ari ndemyagihugu, ntibihagije kugira ngo ryubahirizwe mu rubanza urwo arirwo rwose mu gihe ikiburanwa atari indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha, bityo iryo hame ntiryahagarika ikirego cy’indishyi zikomoka ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi – Itegeko Nº30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 14 – Itegeko Nº51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ubasha by’inkiko, ngingo ya 160.

Ubukemurampaka – Imbibi z’amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka – Kuba mu masezerano y’ubukemurampaka impande zombi zumvikanye ko abakemurampaka bazasuzuma ibikubiye mu myanzuro y’urega n’iy’uregwa, kandi mu myanzuro y’urega bikaba bigaragara ko yasabye n’inyungu z’ubukererwe, ntibyafatwa nko kurenga imbibi z’ayo masezerano mu gihe abakemurampaka bafashe icyemezo kuri izo nyungu – Itegeko N°005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, ingingo ya 8 n’iya 47.

Incamake y’ikibazo: TROMEA Ltd yakoranye na SORAS Ltd amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bw’inkongi y’umuriro n’ubujura byumwihariko ubujura bukorewe mu bubiko bwayo. Nyuma yaho, TROMEA yaje kwibwa amabuye y’agaciro yari mu bubiko bwayo, yandikira SORAS iyisaba kuyishyura ishingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi bagiranye.

Impande zombi ntizabashije kwumvikana maze TROMEA Ltd yiyambaza ubukemurampaka, bwemeza ko SORAS Ltd igomba kwishyurwa agaciro k’ibyibwe, inyungu z’ubukererwe hamwe n’indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano. SORAS ntiyishimiye uwo mwanzuro ijurira mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, narwo rwemeza ko ubujurire nta shingiro bufite.

SORAS Ltd yajuriye nanone mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze gusuzuma ubujurire bwayo ruvuga ko itigeze iburanisha ihame rivuga ko urubanza rw’indishyi ruba ruhagaze kuburanishwa mu gihe cyose urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rutaracibwa burundu “le criminel tient le civil en état” imbere y’inteko y’abakemurampaka, nyamara yarariburanishije. Ikomeza ivuga ko hashingiwe kuri iryo hame, inteko y’abakemurampaka yagombaga guhagarika urubanza rw’indishyi mu gihe urwinshinjabyaha rufitanye isano n’uru rurimo kuburanishwa rutari rwarangira kuko ari ndemyagihugu. Iyindi mpamvu y’ubujurire bwa SORAS nuko ivuga ko urukiko rwasesenguye nabi itegeko, rwemeza ko nta mpamvu n’imwe yatanze isaba gukuraho icyemezo cyafashwe n’abakemurampaka cyayisabaga kwishyura ibyibwe, igaragaza kandi ko ibyo TROMEA yishyuza binyuranyije n’itegeko kuko bidateganyijwe mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi bagiranye, bityo ko icyemezo kiyigenera inyungu n’indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano kikaba cyararengereye imbibi z’ibikubiye mu masezerano.

TROMEA yo yiregura ivuga yuko ihame rya le criminel tient le civil en état ritakurikizwa kuko ntaho rihuriye n’icyaregewe kuko ikirego cyatanzwe cyari kigamije gusaba indishyi zikomoka ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi aho kuba izishingiye ku cyaha.

Ku bijyanye nuko urukiko rwasobanuye nabi ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko N⁰005/2008 ku byerekeranye n’imbibi z’amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka, TROMEA Ltd yisobanura ivuga ko indishyi yagenewe zitanyuranyije n’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi kuko iyo SORAS iza kwishyurira igihe, bitari kuyiteza igihombo. Yatanze kandi ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi isaba kwishyurwa n’ibihwanye nibyo yahombye byose, amafaranga y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka. SORAS nayo isubiza ivuga ko ubujurire bwa TROMEA ntacyo yabuvugaho kuko urubanza rutari mu mizi.

Incamake y’icyemezo: 1. Ku bijyanye n’uko ihame rya "le criminel tient le civil en état" ryaburanishijwe ubwa mbere ku rwego rw’ubujurire, siko biri nk’uko bigaragara mu mwanzuro w’ubukemurampaka.

2. Kuba ihame rya "le criminel tient le civil en état", ari ndemyagihugu, iyi kamere yonyine ntihagije kugira ngo ryubahirizwe mu rubanza urwo arirwo rwose, kuko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’amategeko, indishyi zisabwa zigomba kuba zikomoka ku cyaha, nyamara ikirego cyatanzwe mu bukemurampaka cyari kigamije gusaba indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi. Bityo iri hame ntiryakoreshwa muri uru rubanza.

3. Kuba mu masezerano y’ubukemurampaka impande zombi zumvikanye ko abakemurampaka bazasuzuma ibikubiye mu myanzuro y’urega n’iy’uregwa, kandi nkuko bigaragara mu myanzuro ya TROMEA Ltd yasabye n’inyungu z’ubukererwe. Bityo abakemurampaka ntibarenze imbibi z’amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka.

Ubujurire nta shingiro bufite.

Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe.

Amategeko yashingiweho:

Itegeko Nº30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, ingingo ya 14.

Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, ingingo za 8 na 47.

Itegeko Nº51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko, ingingo ya 160.

Nta manza zifashishijwe.

Inyandiko z’abahanga zifashishijwe:

Michel FRANCHIMONT, Ann JACOBS et Adrien MASSET, Manuel de procédure pénale, 2^e édition, 2006, Larcier, p.203.

Urubanza

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1]               Uru rubanza rukomoka ku masezerano SORAS ASSURANCES GENERALES Ltd (iza kwitwa muri uru rubanza SORAS AG Ltd) yagiranye na TROMEA Ltd kuwa 03/01/2014, arebana n’ubwishingizi bw’inkongi y’umuriro n’ubujura, by’umwihariko, ubujura bukorewe mu bubiko (stock/vol). Kuwa 11/11/2014, TROMEA Ltd yaje kumenya ko mu bubiko bwayo yibwe amabuye y’agaciro ahwanye na toni 14 zifite agaciro ka 263.735USD, maze kuwa 21/11/2014, yandikira SORAS AG Ltd iyisaba kuyishyura agaciro k’ibyibwe, ishingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi bagiranye, ariko ubwo bwishyu ntibwashoboka kubera ko impande zombi zitumvikanye.

[2]               TROMEA Ltd ishingiye na none kuri ayo masezerano y’ubwishingizi, yiyambaje Ubukemurampaka, bwemeza ko SORAS AG Ltd igomba kwishyura TROMEA Ltd 173.236.343 Frw y’agaciro k’ibyibwe, 12.992.726Frw y’inyungu z’ubukererwe na 5.000.000Frw y’indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano. SORAS AG Ltd yajuririye icyo cyemezo mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi, ruca urubanza kuwa 17/12/2015, rwemeza ko ubwo bujurire nta shingiro bufite.

[3]               SORAS AG Ltd yajuriye mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga ivuga ko Urukiko rwatanze ibisobanuro bitaribyo ku ihame rya « le criminel tient le civil en état », ko aho guhuza iryo hame n’ibyo SORAS AG Ltd isaba, rwavuze ko SORAS AG Ltd itigeze iriburanisha haba mbere y’iburanisha cyangwa rigeze hagati. Ivuga ko Inteko y’abakemurampaka yagombaga guhagarika urubanza rw’indishyi maze igategereza ko urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rurangira kuko ririya hame ari ndemyagihugu kandi ko umuburanyi ashobora gusaba ko rikurikizwa aho urubanza rwaba rugeze hose. SORAS AG Ltd ivuga kandi ko Urukiko rwasesenguye nabi itegeko, aho rwemeje ko SORAS AG Ltd nta mpamvu n’imwe yatanze isaba gukuraho icyemezo cy’abakemurampaka mu ziteganywa n’ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, kandi yaragaragaje ko ibyo TROMEA Ltd yishyuza bidateganyijwe mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi, bikaba binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 20 n’iya 22, agace ka 2° ka "conditions spéciales d’assurance", bityo icyemezo kiyigenera inyungu n’indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano kikaba cyararengereye imbibi z’ibikubiye mu masezerano, iyi mpamvu ngo ikaba iri mu ziteganywa n’ingingo ya 47 c) y’itegeko ryavuzwe.

[4]               Urubanza rwaburanishijwe mu ruhame kuwa 26/04/2016, SORAS AG Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Nkurunziza François Xavier, naho TROMEA Ltd ihagarariwe na Me Mugemanyi Védaste na Me Bakashyaka Gérardine.

[5]               Nyuma yo kumva imiburanire y’impande zombi, Urukiko rwasanze ababuranyi batavuga rumwe ku byerekeranye n’ikoreshwa ry’ihame rya "le crimine tient le civil en état" mu rubanza rwerekeranye n’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi bw’ubujura. Me Nkurunziza yavugaga na none ko hari urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ruburanishwa n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kagarama ariko akaba nta makuru atanga kuri urwo rubanza kugira ngo bimenyekane koko ko ruriho.

[6]               Kuwa 10/06/2016,Urukiko rwemeje ko iburanisha ry’uru rubanza rizakomeza nyuma y’uko ababuranyi b’impande zombi barushyikirije ibisobanuro birambuye ku ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état” n’imikoreshereze yaryo mu rubanza rwerekeranye n’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi, SORAS AG Ltd ikanatanga ibimenyetso byerekana urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ivuga ko rufitanye isano n’ikirego cyashikirijwe abakemurampaka ruburanishwa mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kagarama, nomero yarwo, ibyaha birukurikiranywemo ndetse n’ababuranyi barurimo.

[7]               Iburanisha ryafunguwe kuwa 06/09/2016, ababuranyi bombi bahagarariwe nka mbere, buri ruhande rugeza ku Rukiko ibyo rwasabwe ndetse SORAS AG Ltd itanga kopi y’imikirize y’urubanza RP0643/14/TB/KMA, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kagarama ku wa 29/07/2016, haburana Ubushinjacyaha na Habiyaremye Eric na bagenzi be bashinjwa kwiba amabuye y’agaciro mu bubiko bwa TROMEA Ltd.

II. IBIBAZO BIRI MU RUBANZA N’ISESENGURA RYABYO

A. UBUJURIRE BWA SORAS AG Ltd

1. Kumenya niba SORAS AG Ltd itarigeze iburanisha ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état” mu Rukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi.

[8]               Me Nkurunziza François Xavier, uburanira SORAS AG Ltd avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwanze gusuzuma ubujurire bwayo ruvuga ko SORAS AG Ltd itigeze iburanisha ihame rya "le criminel tient le civil en état" imbere y’inteko y’abakemurampaka, haba batangira kuburanisha cyangwa iburanisha rigeze hagati, nyamara SORAS AG Ltd yarariburanishije nkuko bigaragara ku rupapuro rwa 9, uduka twa 32, 33, na 34 tw’umwanzuro w’ubukemurampaka. Avuga ko imbere y’Urukiko nkemurampaka yari yerekanye mu nzitizi yatanze, ko ririya hame niritubahirizwa hashobora kuba ivuguruzanya hagati y’icyemezo cy’umucamanza kizava mu rubanza nshinjabyaha n’ikizafatwa mu rubanza mbonezamubano rusaba indishyi, ko ariko inteko y’abakemurampaka yavuze ko inzitizi SORAS AG Ltd yatanze nta shingiro ifite. Anenga Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi yajuririye ko aho gusuzuma ikibazo yarugejejeho, ahubwo rwafashe ibintu uko bitari maze bituma rwemeza ko ingingo y’ubujurire ya SORAS AG Ltd nta shingiro ifite.

[9]               Ababuranira TROMEA Ltd, bavuga ko ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, SORAS AG Ltd yariburanishije imbere y’abakemurampaka ariko ko babisuzumye bagasanga nta shingiro bifite.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[10]           Ku byerekeranye no kumenya niba SORAS AG Ltd yarasabye inteko y’abakemurampaka kuba bahagaritse urubanza ku kirego cy’indishyi cyatanzwe na TROMEA Ltd kugira ngo habanze gufatwa umwanzuro mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ku cyaha cy’ubujura bwakozwe mu bubiko bwa TROMEA Ltd rwaburanishwaga n’Urukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kagarama, Urukiko rurasanga SORAS AG Ltd yarasabye inteko y’abakemurampaka kubahiriza ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, kandi ko yasuzumye iyi nzitizi nkuko bigaragara mu mwanzuro w’ubukemurampaka ku rupapuro rwa 8 kugeza ku rwa 10.

2. Kumenya niba kuba ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état” ritarubahirijwe muri uru rubanza n’inteko y’ubukemurampaka byatuma umwanzuro wabo uteshwa agaciro.

[11]           Me Nkurunziza François Xavier, uburanira SORAS AG Ltd, avuga ko ihame rya "le criminel tient le civil en état" ", ashingiraho ubujurire bwa SORAS AG Ltd, risobanura ko iyo hari ikirego cy’indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha, urubanza rw’indishyi rwaregewe Urukiko mbonezamubano ruba ruhagaritse iburanisha, rukabanza gutegereza ko Urukiko mpanabyaha rufata icyemezo kugira ngo hatazaba ivuguruzanya mu byemezo by’inkiko zombi. Asobanura ko iyo hari urubanza nshinjabyaha, urubanza rw’indishyi rushingiye kuri icyo cyaha ruba ruhagaze igihe cyose icyaha kitaremezwa kuko nyuma biramutse bigaragaye ko nta cyaha cyabayeho kandi indishyi zigishingiyeho zaratanzwe, byaba ari ikibazo gikomeye cyatuma ababuranyi basiragira mu zindi manza zakurikiraho. Ko rero mu rwego rwo kwirinda bene izo ngaruka ari ngombwa ko igihe urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rutaracibwa, urw’indishyi ruba ruhagaze rugategereza icyemezo kizafatwa n’Urukiko mpanabyaha.

[12]           Me Nkurunziza, avuga ko Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rwavuze ko ubujurire bwa SORAS AG Ltd bushingiye ku ngingo ya 47, 2º, b, y’Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, nta shingiro bufite, nyamara yararweretse ko umwanzuro w’Inteko y’ubukemurampaka wirengagije kubahiriza ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état” kandi ari ndemyagihugu, ko iyo riza kubahirizwa, urubanza rw’indishyi rwari mu bukemurampaka rwari guhagarara rugategereza umwanzuro mu rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ku bijyanye n’ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ubujura bwarabayeho, ababugizemo uruhare n’ingano y’ibyibwe .

[13]           Akomeza avuga ko kuba iri hame ari ndemyagihugu, umuburanyi ashobora kurigenderaho, aho urubanza rwaba rugeze hose ndetse ko yariburanisha ubwa mbere no mu bujurire. Avuga ko kuba Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi rutarigeze rusuzuma ingingo y’ubujurire yari yarushyikirije, ari ikibazo gikomeye kuko kutubahiriza ririya hame bifite ingaruka mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa ry’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi SORAS AG Ltd yagiranye na TROMEA Ltd bitewe nuko hateganywamo “clause d’exclusion" ivuga ko SORAS AG Ltd itazaryozwa ibyibwe mu gihe uwishingiwe afitanye isano n’uwibye.

[14]           Avuga ko ibyo abahagarariye TROMEA Ltd baburanisha ko mu gihugu cy’Ubufaransa hashyizweho amategeko ashyiraho imbibi mu gukurikiza ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, bitagenderwaho kuko ibyo bireba Ubufaransa kandi ko bidakuraho ihame nyirizina, ko rero hagomba gukurikizwa amategeko y’u Rwanda kuko ahari, akaba akomeje gushimangira ko abakemurampaka bagombaga gutegereza ko urubanza nshinjabyaha rwari mu Rukiko rw’Ibanze rwa Kagarama rufata icyemezo ku byaha rwaregewe kubera ko imanza zombi zifitanye isano.

[15]           Ababuranira TROMEA Ltd, bavuga ko ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, SORAS AG Ltd iburanisha, ritahabwa agaciro kuko ntaho rihuriye n’icyaregewe muri uru rubanza, ko ikirego cyatanzwe mu bukemurampaka kigamije gusaba ko SORAS AG Ltd yubahiriza amasezerano y’ubwishingizi yagiranye na TROMEA Ltd (article 18 des conditions spéciales d’assurance), ko ikiburanwa atari indishyi zishingiye ku cyaha (action en réparation d’une infraction), kandi ko n’ababuranyi mu manza zombi atari bamwe. Bavuga ko TROMEA Ltd nta kirego cy’indishyi yatanze muri urwo rubanza rw’inshinjabyaha, cyangwa se ngo habe hari urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha ifitanye na SORAS AG Ltd, ndetse ko nta n’abakozi bayo bakurikiranwa muri urwo rubanza, bityo akaba nta mpamvu n’imwe yari gutuma SORAS AG Ltd itishyura.

[16]           Basobanura ko amasezerano TROMEA Ltd yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd ateganya icyo buri ruhande rusabwa gukora haramutse habaye “sinistre”, ko TROMEA Ltd yakoze ibyo isabwa, SORAS AG Ltd ikaba igomba nayo gukora ibyo isabwa itaruhanyije, isaba gutegereza urubanza itazi igihe ruzarangirira, kandi ko niba amafaranga isabwa itayemera, yasaba ko hakorwa “contre expertise”. Bavuga ko ibyo SORAS ivuga ko abakoze icyaha batazwi atari byo kuko iki kibazo Abakemurampaka bagisuzumye bagasanga abibye barakoreraga TOPSEC, atari abakozi ba TROMEA Ltd, ko rero kuva nta masezerano y’akazi abibye bagiranye na TROMEA Ltd (nta n’imisanzu n’ubwiteganyirize ibatangira muri RSSB ndetse ko nta n’imisoro ibatangira mu Kigo cy’igihugu gishinzwe kwinjiza imisoro n’amahoro), nta mpamvu abakemurampaka bari guhagarika iburanisha ry’ikirego cya TROMEA Ltd kirebana n’indishyi zishingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi kuko ikirego nshinjabyaha kitayireba.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[17]           Ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, SORAS AG Ltd iburanisha, rivugwa mu ngingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’inshinjabyaha, iteganya ko : “Urubanza rw’indishyi ruba ruhagaze kuburanishwa mu gihe cyose urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rutaracibwa burundu, iyo ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha cyatanzwe mbere cyangwa mu gihe cy’iburanisha ry’ikirego cy’indishyi hakurikijwe ibiteganywa n’Itegeko Ngenga rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ububasha by’inkiko”.

[18]           Ingingo ya 47(2º), b), y’Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, SORAS AG Ltd ishingiraho ubujurire bwayo, iteganya ko “imyanzuro yafashwe hakoreshejwe ubukemurampaka ishobora kuvanwaho n’urukiko ruvugwa mu ngingo ya 8 y’iri tegeko, iyo urubanza rwaciwe runyuranye n’amategeko ndemyagihugu ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda”.

[19]           Ku birebana n’ingingo y’ubujurire ya SORAS AG Ltd y’uko ikirego cyayo kigomba kwakirwa kubera ko inteko y’abakemurampaka yafashe umwanzuro inyuranya n’itegeko ndemyagihugu kuko yanze guhagarika iburanisha ry’ikirego cy’indishyi yagejejweho na TROMEA Ltd mu gihe hari hagitegerejwe icyemezo kizava mu rubanza nshinjabyaha ku bujura bwari bwakozwe mu bubiko bw’iyi Sosiyete, Urukiko rurasanga imvugo y’uhagarariye SORAS AG Ltd y’uko ihame rya "le criminel tient le civil en état", ari ndemyagihugu, ifite ishingiro, ikaba ishimangirwa n’ibyanditswe n’abahanga Michel FRANCHIMONT, Ann JACOBS na ADRIEN MASSET, mu gitabo cyabo Manuel de procédure pénale[1], ibi bakabishingira ku byemejwe mu rubanza rwaciwe n’Urukiko Rusesa Imanza rwo mu Bubiligi,[2] aho rwemeje ko iri hame ari ndemyagihugu kandi ko ababuranyi badashobora kwivutsa ko rikoreshwa ndetse ko umucamanza uburanisha ikirego cy’indishyi aryubahiriza abyibwirije. Abo bahanga basobanura kandi ko ibyo kuba ihame rya « le criminel tient le civil en état » ari ndemyagihugu, bikurikizwa iyo ibyangombwa byuzuye bivuze rero ko Urukiko ruburanisha urubanza mbonezamubano rushobora kwibwiriza guhagarika iburanisha kugeza urubanza nshinjabyaha rurangiye nubwo nta muburanyi waba wazamuye iyo nzitizi.

[20]           Ikindi kibazo kigomba gusuzumwa noneho ni icyo kumenya niba kuba ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état” ari ndemyagihugu, byonyine bihagije kugira ngo ryubahirizwe muri uru rubanza. Mu gusuzuma iki kibazo, ni ngombwa kubanza kumenya imiterere y’ikirego cy’indishyi kivugwa mu ngingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru; igisubizo kikaba kiboneka mu ngingo ya 160 y’Itegeko Nº51/2008 ryo kuwa 09/09/2008 rigena imiterere, imikorere n’ubasha by’Inkiko, iteganya ko “Ikirego cy’indishyi kivugwa ari ikigamije kuryoza ibyangiritse biturutse ku cyaha. Ufite uburenganzira bwo kurega ni uwangirijwe n’icyaha cyangwa abandi babifitiye uburenganzira”.

[21]           Ku byerekeranye n’itangwa ry’ikirego cy’indishyi zikomoka ku cyaha, ingingo ya 161 y’Itegeko rimaze kuvugwa haruguru, iteganya ko “Ikirego cy’indishyi gishobora gukurikiranwa hamwe n’icy’uburyozwacyaha mu rukiko rumwe. Gishobora kandi no gukurikiranwa ukwacyo. Icyo gihe, ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryacyo riba rihagaze igihe cyose hataracibwa urubanza burundu ku kirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha.

Iryo hame ry’uko ikirego cy’indishyi gitegereza icibwa ry’urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rikurikizwa: 

1. Iyo ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha cyatanzwe mbere y’ikirego cy’indishyi;

2. Iyo ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha cyatanzwe hagati mu iburanisha ry’ikirego cy’indishyi. Muri icyo gihe, umucamanza ugomba kuburanisha ikirego cy’indishyi ni na we uburanisha ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha;

3. Iyo mu rubanza rw’indishyi havutsemo ingoboka yo mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha, umucamanza waburanishaga ikirego cy’indishyi ni na we uburanisha iyo ngoboka yo mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha. Icyakora, iyo ingoboka yo mu rwego rw’inshinjabyaha yavuzwe mu gace ka 3° k’igika cya kabiri cy’iyi ngingo iri mu bubasha bw’urundi rukiko rwisumbuyeho, iburanisha ry’indishyi n’ikirego nshinjabyaha byohererezwa hamwe muri urwo rukiko rwisumbuye, akaba ari rwo rubiburanishiriza hamwe.

Ikirego cy’inshinjabyaha ntigishobora guhagarika ikirego cy’indishyi iyo nta sano bifitanye”.

[22]           Ku kibazo cyo kumenya niba ikirego cy’indishyi TROMEA Ltd yatanze mu rukiko nkemurampaka ari ikivugwa mu ngingo ya 160 imaze kuvugwa haruguru, dosiye y’urubanza igaragaza ko ikirego TROMEA Ltd yashyikirije inteko y’abakemurampaka ari igisaba indishyi zikomoka ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd, inyungu z’ibyo yavukijwe iyo iza kuba yaracuruje amabuye y’agaciro yibwe, indishyi z’ubukererwe kubera ko SORAS AG Ltd yatinze kuyishyura, indishyi zo kuba SORAS AG Ltd itarubahirije amasezerano bagiranye n’izindi zinyuranye.

[23]           Ikirego cya TROMEA Ltd gisobanuwe haruguru gitandukanye n’icy’indishyi kivugwa mu ngingo ya 160 yavuzwe haruguru, kuko n’ubwo habaye icyaha cy’ubujura ndetse abakekwa kuba baragikoze bakaba bakurikiranwa mu rubanza nshinjabyaha, Urukiko rurasanga indishyi TROMEA yaregeye mu rukiko nkemurampaka zidakomoka ku cyaha cy’ubujura yakorewe, ahubwo zikomoka ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi yagiranye na SORAS AG Ltd, bityo ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 14 y’Itegeko Nº30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/05/2013 ryavuzwe haruguru by’uko urubanza rw’indishyi ruba ruhagaze kuburanishwa mu gihe cyose urubanza rw’inshinjabyaha rutaracibwa burundu, bikaba bitakurikizwa muri uru rubanza kuko nk’uko inteko y’abakemurampaka yabyemeje mu mwanzuro wayo, nta mpungenge y’ivuguruzanya rishobora kubaho mu byemezo byafatwa n’inkiko zombi kuko indishyi ziregerwa mu rubanza rw’ubucuruzi ari izishingiye ku masezerano y’ubwishingizi.

[24]           Urukiko rurasanga rero kuba ihame rya “le criminel tient le civil en état”, ari ndemyagihugu, iyi kamere yonyine idahagije kugira ngo ibirivugwamo byubahirizwe mu rubanza urwo arirwo rwose, kuko hashingiwe ku biteganywa n’ingingo ya 160 yavuzwe haruguru, indishyi zivugwa zigomba kuba zikomoka ku cyaha, ibi akaba atariko bimeze muri uru rubanza.

[25]           Abahanga mu mategeko Michel FRANCHIMONT, Ann JACOBS na ADRIEN MASSET, bavuzwe haruguru nabo bemeranya n’ibimaze kuvugwa haruguru, aho bavuga ko ikirego cy’indishyi gituma Umucamanza wakiregewe mu rubanza rwihariye ahagarika iburanisha ryacyo, ari igifitanye isano n’ikirego cy’ikurikiranacyaha cyatanzwe mbere cyangwa iburanisha ryaratangiye.[3]

[26]           Hashingiwe ku bimaze gusobanurwa haruguru, Urukiko rurasanga ingingo y’ubujurire ya SORAS AG Ltd nta shingiro ifite kuko idahura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 47(2º), agace ka b), y’Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, nyamara SORAS AG Ltd ivuga ko ariyo ishingiraho isaba ko umwanzuro w’Urukiko nkemurampaka uteshwa agaciro.

3. Kumenya niba ibyo TROMEA Ltd isaba birenze ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi.

[27]           Me Nkurunziza François Xavier, uburanira SORAS AG Ltd avuga ko indi mpamvu yatumye bajuririra icyemezo cyafashwe n’Urukiko Rukuru rw’Ubucuruzi cyo kwanga gutesha agaciro umwanzuro w’Urukiko nkemurampaka, ari uko rwasesenguye nabi ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko Nº005/2008, ryavuzwe haruguru, maze rwemeza ko SORAS AG Ltd nta mpamvu n’imwe yatanze isaba gukuraho icyemezo cy’abakemurampaka mu ziteganywa n’iyo ngingo kandi SORAS AG Ltd ijurira yarerekanye impamvu zigaragaza ko icyo cyemezo cyafashwe mu buryo bunyuranye n’ibiteganywa n’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi yagiranye na TROMEA Ltd. Asobanura ko bagaragarije Urukiko ko ibyo TROMEA Ltd yishyuza bidateganyijwe mu masezerano y’ubwishingizi, bikaba binyuranyije n’ingingo ya 20[4] n’iya 22[5] za “conditions spéciales d’assurance”, kuko icyemezo cy’ubukemurampaka cyahaniye SORAS AG Ltd ikintu kimwe kabiri, kuko yaciwe inyungu za 12.992.726Frw z’ubukererwe, TROMEA Ltd irongera igenerwa 5.000.000Frw bise inyungu n’indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano. Ibi rero ngo bigaragaza ko icyemezo cy’abakemurampaka cyarengereye imbibi z’ibiteganywa n’amasezerano, uko kurenga imbibi akaba aribyo biteganywa n’ingingo ya 47, 1º c), y’Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryavuzwe haruguru.

[28]           Ababuranira TROMEA Ltd, bavuga ko ibyo SORAS AG Ltd ivuga atari ukuri, ko icyemezo cy’abakemurampaka kigenera TROMEA Ltd indishyi kitanyuranyije n’amasezerano y’ubwishingizi, ko ahubwo Abakemurampaka bashingiye ku ngingo ya 20 n’iya 22 zavuzwe haruguru, banze kugenera TROMEA Ltd indishyi zose yasabye bavuga ko hishyurwa gusa ibyibwe ku gaciro kabyo. Bavuga ko basanga indishyi z’ubukererwe TROMEA Ltd yagenewe zifite ishingiro, kuko iyo SORAS AG Ltd yubahiriza amasezerano ikishyura mu gihe kitarenze iminsi 30 ivugwa mu ngingo ya 27 ya "conditions spéciales", bitari guteza igihombo TROMEA Ltd, kuba rero SORAS AG Ltd yaraciwe inyungu n’indishyi zishingiye ku ngingo za 137[6] na 138[7] y’Itegeko N°45/11 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, bikaba bifite ishingiro.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[29]           Ingingo ya 47 y’Itegeko N°005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi, iteganya ko: "Imyanzuro yafashwe hakoreshejwe Ubukemurampaka ishobora kuvanwaho n’Urukiko ruvugwa mu ngingo ya 8 y’iri tegeko igihe gusa: 1°(c) "Iyo uwiyambaje ubukemurampaka usaba iryo vanwaho atanze ibimenyetso ko imyanzuro yafashwe ishingiye ku kibazo kitateganyijwe mu masezerano cyangwa kitari mu ngingo ziteganywa mu masezerano y’ubukemurampaka cyangwa ikubiyemo ibyemezo birenze ibiteganyijwe mu masezerano ku buryo bwo gukiranurwa n’abakemurampaka, nyamara ku buryo, niba imyanzuro y’imikirize yerekeranye n’ibibazo byashyikirijwe Inteko y’Abakemurampaka iramutse itandukanyijwe n’ibitarashyikirijwe Inteko, haseswa gusa igice cy’imikirize gifata imyanzuro ku bibazo bitashyikirijwe inteko".

[30]           Ku birebana n’ingingo y’ubujurire ya SORAS AG Ltd y’uko umwanzuro w’abakemurampaka ugomba guteshwa agaciro kubera ko mu kugenera TROMEA Ltd inyungu n’indishyi z’ubukererwe zo kutubahiriza amasezerano barenze imbibi z’ibiteganywa n’amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka, Urukiko rurasanga iyi mvugo nta shingiro ifite, kuko muri uwo mwanzuro impande zombi zari zumvikanye ko abakemurampaka bazasuzuma ibikubiye mu myanzuro y’urega n’iy’uregwa, kandi nkuko bigaragara mu myanzuro ya TROMEA Ltd yaregaga, yasabye inyungu z’ubukererwe (reba agace ka 55 ka sentence arbitrale) inasaba indishyi zo kutubahiriza amasezerano (reba agace ka 61), ko rero abakemurampaka batigeze barenga imbibi z’amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka, kuba icyemezo mu mizi bafashe kitaranyuze SORAS AG Ltd, bikaba bidasobanura ko bagiye hanze y’ibyumvikanyweho mu masezerano y’ubukemurampaka, ahubwo ikigaragara ari uko SORAS AG Ltd, ishaka kwitiranya amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka na "conditions spéciales" d’assurance.

[31]           Hashingiwe kuri ibyo bisobanuro, Urukiko rurasanga umwanzuro w’ubukemurampaka utateshwa agaciro kubera ko indishyi ndetse n’inyungu abakemurampaka bageneye TROMEA Ltd, babikoze babisabwe nk’uko amasezerano y’ubukemurampaka abiteganya, bityo iyi ngingo y’ubujurire ya SORAS AG Ltd nayo ikaba idahura n’ibiteganywa n’ingingo ya 47, 1º c) y’Itegeko Nº005/2008 ryo kuwa 14/02/2008 ryerekeye ubukemurampaka n’ubwunzi mu bibazo by’ubucuruzi.

4. Ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na TROMEA Ltd.

[32]           Ababuranira TROMEA Ltd, bavuga ko hashize umwaka n’amezi arindwi (7) TROMEA Ltd yibwe kandi SORAS AG Ltd ikaba ikomeje kuruhanya idashaka kwishyura, basaba Urukiko gushingira ku ngingo ya 137 n’iya 138 z’Itegeko N°45/11 ryo kuwa 25/11/2011 rigenga amasezerano, maze SORAS AG Ltd ikaryozwa ibyo TROMEA Ltd yahombye byose, bihwanye na 31.182.541Frw, igahabwa na 2.000.000Frw y’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka.

[33]           Me Nkurunziza avuga ko ubujurire bwa TROMEA Ltd ntacyo yabuvugaho kuko urubanza rutari mu mizi, kuko igisuzumwa muri uru rubanza ari ukumenya niba icyemezo cyafashwe n’abakemurampaka cyavanwaho (recours en annulation).

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[34]           Ku byerekeranye na 31.182.541Frw ahwanye n’ibyo TROMEA Ltd yahombye, Urukiko rurasanga iyi ngingo y’ubujurire itasuzumwa kubera ko uru Rukiko rutaburanisha urubanza mu mizi. Naho ku birebana n’amafaranga y’ikurikirarubanza hamwe n’igihembo cya Avoka TROMEA Ltd isaba, Urukiko rurasanga, kuba hari abanyamategeko yashyizeho kugira ngo bayiburanire kuri uru rwego, yagenerwa mu bushishozi bwarwo 1.000.000Frw kuko 2.000.000Frw isaba ari menshi.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

[35]           Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwa SORAS AG Ltd nta shingiro bufite.

[36]           Rwemeje ko ubujurire bwuririye ku bundi bwatanzwe na TROMEA Ltd bufite ishingiro kuri bimwe.

[37]           Rutegetse SORAS AG Ltd guha TROMEA Ltd 1.000.000Frw akubiyemo ay’ikurikiranarubanza n’igihembo cya Avoka igenewe kuri uru rwego.