Urukiko rw'Ikirenga

Re KAMEGERI

[Rwanda URUKIKO RW’IKIRENGA – RS/INCONST/SPEC00003/2023/SC (Ntezilyayo, J.P., Cyanzayire, Hitiyaremye, Kazungu na Kalihangabo, J.) 26 Nyakanga 2024]

Itegeko Nshinga – Uburenganzira k’ubutabera buboneye – Ubujurire bwa kabiri – Igihe umuburanyi yaburanye mu rwego rwa mbere, akajurira mu bujurire bwa mbere, bifatwa ko yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze, ko kuba ubujurire bwa kabiri bwashyirirwaho ibigenderwaho kugira ngo bwakirwe, bishobora no gutuma umuburanyi atemererwa ubwo bujurire mu gihe yaba atujuje ibisabwa, ibyo bitafatwa ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, mu gihe yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwo kujurira bwa mbere.

Incamake y’ikibazo: Kamegeri yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba gukuraho agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kuko asanga kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu y’Itegeko Nshinga kuko kemerera umuburanyi gutanga ubujurire bwa kabiri mu Rukiko Rukuru mu gihe urubanza rujuririrwa rwaciwe hashingiwe ku itegeko ritariho, kandi iyo mpamvu idashoboka, ibyo bikaba byimisha umuburanyi uyiyambaje uburenganzira ku iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwe, bityo akavutswa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. Bivuze ko iyo ngingo iriho nta kibazo ibereyeho gukemura, bikaba bimeze nko kutabaho kw’itegeko gusobanurwa nk’ibura ryo kugaragaza ubushake k’umushingamategeko bwo gushyiraho itegeko, ngo ribe rizwi n’abantu bose.

Uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta muri uru rubanza avuga ko ukoresha itegeko atagomba kurisesengura agendeye gusa ku magambo ryakoresheje, ahubwo ashakisha icyo umushingamategeko yifuje kuvugisha itegeko. Asobanura ko ikirego cy’Urega cyarebwa nk’impaka zishingiye ku myumvire y’Itegeko, aho kuba kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga, kuko yahaye amagambo, itegeko ritariho, ibisobanuro bitari byo. Avuga kandi ko Urega atabasha kwerekana aho ingingo anenga inyuranya n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga. Bityo, akaba abona ko ingingo ya 46, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1°, y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

Incamake y’icyemezo: Igihe umuburanyi yaburanye mu rwego rwa mbere, akajurira mu bujurire bwa mbere, bifatwa ko yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze, ko kuba ubujurire bwa kabiri bwashyirirwaho ibigenderwaho kugira ngo bwakirwe, bishobora no gutuma umuburanyi atemererwa ubwo bujurire mu gihe yaba atujuje ibisabwa, ibyo bitafatwa ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, mu gihe yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwo kujurira bwa mbere.

Ikirego gisaba kwemeza ko ingingo y’itegeko inyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, nta shingiro gifite.

 

Amategeko yashingiweho:

Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo ku wa 4/06/2003 nk’uko ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo ya 29, 96 n’iya 106.

Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, ingingo ya 46.

Imanza zifashishijwe:

RS/INCOST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, Me Ngendahayo Kabuye na Leta y’u Rwanda, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/09/2022.

RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC, Asiimwe Frank na Leta y’u Rwanda, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 26/03/2021.

RPAA0096/15/CS, Mukarusanga Olive n’Ubushinjacyaha, rwaciwe n’Urukiko rw’Ikirenga ku wa 18/05/2018.

Inyandiko z’Abahanga zifashishijwe:

Ian McLeod, Literal and Purposive Techniques of Legislative Interpretation: Some European Community and English Common Law Perspective, 29 Brook. J. Int’l L. (2004).

Urubanza

I. IMITERERE Y’URUBANZA

[1]               Kamegeri Emmanuel uhagarariwe na Me Nsengiyumva Eugène yatanze ikirego mu Rukiko rw’Ikirenga arusaba gukuraho agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere cy’ ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kuko asanga kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[2]               Avuga ko ashingiye ku gace ka mbere, k’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru kemerera umuburanyi gutanga ubujurire bwa kabiri mu Rukiko Rukuru mu gihe urubanza rujuririrwa rwaciwe hashingiwe ku itegeko ritariho, yatanze ikirego cy'ubujurire bwa kabiri mu Rukiko Rukuru, Urugereko rwa Nyanza maze ikirego gihabwa PST RCAA00012/2023/HC/NYZ, ariko Umwanditsi Mukuru w’urwo Rukiko ntiyacyakira, anatakambira Perezida w’urwo Rukiko nawe yemeza ko ugutakamba kwe kudafite ishingiro.

[3]               Asobanura ko impamvu asanga ibiteganyijwe mu gika cya mbere, agace ka 1^o, k’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru inyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga ari uko iyo mpamvu idashoboka, kandi ukudashoboka kwayo kukaba kwimisha umuburanyi uyiyambaje uburenganzira ku iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwe, bityo akavutswa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. Bikumvikanisha ko n’ubwo iyo ngingo iriho nta kibazo ibereyeho gukemura, akabigereranya no kutabaho kw’itegeko gusobanurwa nk’ibura ryo kugaragaza ubushake k’umushingamategeko bwo gushyiraho itegeko, ngo ribe rizwi n’abantu bose.

[4]               Me Kabibi Spéciose uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta y’u Rwanda avuga ko ukoresha itegeko atagomba kurisesengura agendeye gusa ku magambo ryakoresheje (literal interpretation), ahubwo ashakisha icyo umushingamategeko yifuje kuvugisha itegeko (purposive interpretation), ubu buryo bukaba aribwo bukunze gukoreshwa n’abashingamategeko bo mu bihugu bikoresha Civil Law system.[1] Avuga ko ingingo ya 46, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1° y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryavuzwe haruguru itanyuranye n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

[5]               Iburanisha ryabaye ku wa 03/06/2024, Kamegeri Emmanuel ahagarariwe na Me Nsengiyumva Eugene naho Leta y’u Rwanda ihagarariwe na Me Kabibi Spéciose, uhagarariye Intumwa Nkuru ya Leta.

[6]               Urukiko rwabanje gusuzuma niba urega afite inyungu mu rubanza, rusanga rushingiye ku murongo watanzwe mu rubanza RS/INCOST/SPEC00004/2021/SC, rwaciwe ku wa 18/92/2022, haburana Me Ngendahayo Kabuye na Leta y’u Rwanda, Kamegeri Emmanuel azifite nk’umwe mu bo ingingo y’itegeko yaregeye ko inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga ireba, maze iburanisha rikomeza ku kibazo gisuzumwa muri uru rubanza, gikurikira:

[7]               Kumenya niba agace ka 1^o k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

II. ISESENGURA RY’IKIBAZO KIGIZE URUBANZA

Kumenya niba agace ka 10, k’igika cya mbere cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga

[8]               Me Nsengiyumva Eugène uhagarariye Kamegeri Emmanuel avuga ko asaba Urukiko rw’Ikirenga kwemeza ko impamvu y’ubujurire bwa kabiri iteganywa n’agace ka 1^o k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko iha ububasha Urukiko Rukuru bwo kuburanisha imanza z’imbonezamubano zajuririwe, zaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye, mu gihe izo manza zishingiye ku itegeko ritariho cyangwa zaciwe n’Urukiko rutabifitiye ububasha inyuranye n’ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, burimo uburenganzira bwo: … (c) kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha.

[9]               Avuga ko kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga kw’iyo ngingo gushingiye ku kuba iyo mpamvu y’ubujurire idashoboka, kandi ukudashoboka kwayo kukaba kwimisha umuburanyi uyiyambaje, uburenganzira ku iyakirwa ry’ubujurire bwe, bityo akavutswa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha. Avuga kandi ko ukudashoboka kw’iyi mpamvu y’urubanza rushingiye ku itegeko ritariho nta kibazo ibereyeho gukemura kuko idashoboka. Asobanura ko kutabaho kw’itegeko bisobanurwa nko kutagaragaza ubushake cyangwa ubushake buke bw’umushingamategeko bwo gushyiraho itegeko, ngo ribe rizwi n’abantu bose, ryaratangajwe mu Igazeti ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.

[10]           Akomeza avuga ko mu manza zaciwe n'Urukiko rw'Ikirenga, rwatanzemo umurongo inkiko zikunze kwifashisha, harimo urubanza RPAA0096/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 18/05/2018 haburana Mukarusanga Olive n’Ubushinjacyaha, aho mu gusesengura amagambo itegeko ritariho cyangwa ingingo z’amategeko zitakiriho, Urukiko rw’Ikirenga rwasanze agomba kumvikana mu buryo bw’Itegeko ritagikoreshwa (une loi abrogée/a repealed law), cyangwa Itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa (une loi non encore en vigueur/ a law not yet in force) cyangwa se Itegeko ritigeze ribaho (loi qui n’a jamais existé/ a law that has never existed). Agaragaza ko igisobanuro cya nyuma aricyo itegeko ritigeze ribaho (une loi qui n'a jamais existé/ a law that has never existed) ari cyo gihuje neza n'icyo umushingamategeko yashatse kuvuga ku itegeko ritariho mu gace ka 10 k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y'Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko.

[11]           Asoza asaba Urukiko kuzemeza ko bidashoboka ko habaho Itegeko ritigeze ribaho, bityo runemeze ko ingingo iregerwa inyuranyije n'Itegeko Nshinga kuko yemerera umuburanyi uburenganzira bwo kwiyambaza inzira y'ubujurire bwa kabiri ku mpamvu idashoboka, kuko Itegeko ryose rigomba gutangazwa mu Igazeti ya Leta, iritigeze ritangazwa rikaba riba ritariho.

[12]           Me Kabibi Spéciose avuga ko ibisobanuro byatanzwe na Kamegeri Emmanuel asanga nta na hamwe bigaragaza uburyo agace ka 10, k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y'Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kabangamiye ihame rivugwa mu ngingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga ku butabera buboneye, ahubwo asa n’aho asaba ko iyo ngingo yasobanuka, kandi muri icyo gihe ikirego cye cyaba gihindutse ikirego kiregera interprétation authentique/authentic interpretation.

[13]           Avuga ko basanga ikibazo cya Kamegeri Emmanuel cyarebwa nk’impaka zishingiye ku myumvire y’Itegeko (interpretation), aho kuba kunyuranya n’Itegeko Nshinga (unconstitutionality), ko nk’uko bigaragara, Kamegeri Emmanuel yahaye amagambo itegeko ritariho ibisobanuro bitari byo. Asobanura ko mu itegeko aya magambo afite igisobanuro cyagutse “interprétation extensive/extensive interpretation,” aho yakoreshejwe mu itegeko ashobora gusimburwa n’amagambo akurikira:

a) Ingingo y’Itegeko ryahindutse (loi modifiée/amended law);

b) Itegeko ryamaze kuvaho (loi abrogée/repealed law);

c) Itegeko ritagikoreshwa (loi devenue caduque/obsolete).

[14]           Avuga kandi ko ukoresha itegeko atagomba kurisesengura agendeye gusa ku magambo ryakoresheje (interprétation littérale/literale interpretation), ahubwo ashakisha icyo umushingamategeko yifuje kuvugisha itegeko (purposive interpretation). Asobanura ko ubwo buryo ari bwo bukunze gukoreshwa n’abashingamategeko bo mu bihugu bikoresha “Civil Law system”.[2]

[15]           Akomeza avuga ko Kamegeri Emmanuel atabasha kwerekana aho ingingo anenga zinyuranya n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga. Asobanura kandi ko n’ubwo Kamegeri Emmanuel asaba ko harebwa icyo izindi ndimi zivuga kuri iyo ngingo, nta kibazo cy’indimi gihari. Agaragaza na none ko mu gihe habayeho kutavuga kimwe kw’indimi, hakwifashishwa ingingo ya 96 (4) y’Itegeko Nshinga iteganya ko iyo itegeko ritumvikanye kimwe mu ndimi ryatangajwemo mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda, hitabwa ku rurimi iryo tegeko ryatowemo, kandi nk’uko Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, mu ngingo yaryo ya 106 ibigaragaza iri tegeko ryarateguwe, risuzumwa kandi ritorwa mu rurimi rw’Ikinyarwanda.

[16]           Mu iburanisha, yongeyeho ko kugirango hasuzumwe niba ingingo inyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga harebwa icyo umushingamategeko yari agambiriye ayishyiraho. Asobanura ko umucamanza ari umuntu, umushingamategeko akaba yaratekereje ko igihe yaba yibeshye mu gufata icyemezo agashingira ku itegeko wenda ryavanyweho cyangwa se ritaratangazwa, haba hariho uburyo umuturage warenganijwe n’icyo cyemezo cyafashwe muri ubwo buryo budashingiye ku mategeko yarenganurwa, ariko ko ibyo bitagamije gufasha umuburanyi utarenganijwe gutanga ubujurire bwa kabiri.

[17]           Asoza avuga ko ibyo yagaragaje byose kuri iyi ngingo byerekana ko ingingo ya 46, igika cya mbere, agace ka 1°, y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko itanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

UKO URUKIKO RUBIBONA

[18]           Ingingo ya 29 y’Itegeko Nshinga, mu gika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, iteganya ko “Buri muntu afite uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, burimo uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’urukiko rubifitiye ububasha.”

[19]           Ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N°30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko, iteganya mu gika cya mbere, agace ka 1° ko Urukiko Rukuru ruburanisha kandi imanza z’imbonezamubano zajuririwe, zaciwe mu rwego rwa kabiri n’Urukiko Rwisumbuye, mu gihe izo manza: zishingiye ku itegeko ritariho cyangwa zaciwe n’Urukiko rutabifitiye ububasha.

[20]           Mu rubanza RS/INCONST/SPEC00004/2020/SC rwaciwe ku wa 26/03/2021 haburana Asiimwe Frank na Leta y’u Rwanda, kuva ku gika cya 16 kugeza ku gika cya 29, uru Rukiko rwatanze umurongo ku kibazo kijyanye n’uburenganzira bwo kujurira nka bimwe mu bigize uburenganzira ku butabera buboneye, aho rushingiye ku manza zitandukanye, amasezerano mpuzamahanga, n’abahanga mu mategeko, rwasanze igihe umuburanyi yaburanye mu rwego rwa mbere, akajurira mu bujurire bwa mbere, bifatwa ko yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze, ko kuba ubujurire bwa kabiri bwashyirirwaho ibigenderwaho kugira ngo bwakirwe, bishobora no gutuma umuburanyi atemererwa ubwo bujurire mu gihe yaba atujuje ibisabwa, ibyo bitafatwa ko yambuwe uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko rubifitiye ububasha, mu gihe yahawe uburenganzira bw’ibanze bwo kujurira bwa mbere.

[21]           Urukiko kandi muri urwo rubanza rumaze kuvugwa, rwashimangiye ko uburenganzira ku bujurire bwa mbere bufatwa nk’uburenganzira bw’ibanze, amategeko y’ibihugu akagena uko bukoreshwa. Naho ubujurire bwa kabiri kimwe n’izindi nzira z’ubujurire biteganyijwe mu mategeko y’Igihugu bikorwa hashingiwe ku byo umuryango ukeneye, kandi Umushingamategeko akaba ashobora nabwo guteganya ibigomba kubahirizwa kugira ngo ubujurire bwakirwe.

[22]           Mu rubanza RPAA0096/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 18/05/2018, uru Rukiko rwasesenguye amagambo urega agarukaho ari yo itegeko ritariho, rwemeza ko agomba kumvikana mu buryo bw’itegeko ritagikoreshwa (loi abrogée, repealed law), cyangwa itegeko ritaratangira gukoreshwa (loi non encore en vigueur, a law not yet in force), cyangwa se itegeko ritigeze ribaho (qui n’a jamais existé, a law that never existed). Rusanga bivuze ko ishingiro ry’ububasha hakurikijwe ingingo ivuga kuba Urukiko rwashingiye ku itegeko ritariho, ryareberwa mu ikoresha mu rubanza rujuririrwa ry’Itegeko ryavanyweho, ritaratangira gukoreshwa cyangwa ritarabaho.[3]

[23]           Mu iburanisha, uhagarariye urega yabajijwe uko ahuza ikirego cye no kutabona ubutabera buboneye, asubiza ko kuba ubujurire bwa Kamegeri Emmanuel butakiriwe kubera ko atagaragaje urubanza cyangwa se icyemezo yafatiwe cyaba cyarashingiye ku itegeko ritariho, nyamara mu makosa umucamanza ashobora gukora iryo gushingira ku itegeko ritariho ridashoboka kuko ntaho yarivana, iyo mpamvu ikaba idashoboka, ko mu gihe ihujwe n’Itegeko Nshinga asanga imuvutsa uburenganzira bwo kuburanira imbere y’Urukiko yifuza.

[24]           Ku kindi kibazo kijyanye no kumenya icyo uhagariye urega avuga ku murongo watanzwe n’uru Rukiko ku ngingo aregera, yasubije ko yumva uwo murongo wahinduka, abajijwe niba yumva wahindukira mu kirego kiregera gukuraho ingingo y’itegeko rinyuranyije n’Itegeko Nshinga, asubiza ko atariho wahindurirwa ariko ko nta n’icyabuza ko mu icibwa ry’urubanza nk’uru, Urukiko ruvanaho umurongo rwari rwatanze mu rubanza RPAA0096/15/CS rwaciwe ku wa 18/05/2018, rushingiye ku ngingo ya 9 y’Itegeko ryerekeye imiburanishirize y’imanza z’imbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’umurimo n’iz’ubutegetsi. Akemeza ko impamvu iteganywa mu ngingo aregera iramutse ivuyeho byafasha mu kuvanaho icyuho cyagaragaraga ku kubura ubushake k’umushingamategeko bwo gushyiraho itegeko.

[25]           Urukiko rusanga Me Nsengiyumva Eugene uhagarariye Kamegeri Emmanuel atarashoboye kwerekana uburyo ingingo ya 46 agace ka 10, k’igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko inyuranye n'Itegeko Nshinga, mu ngingo yaryo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka c, ahubwo imiburanire ye yerekana ko icyo aregera cyafatwa nko gusaba Urukiko gusobanura icyo ingingo ya 46 agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere, y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 ishaka kuvuga (authentic interpretation). Uretse no kuba abaye ari cyo asaba, rusanga atanyura mu nzira y’ikirego gisaba gukuraho ingingo y’itegeko kuko inyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga. Iyo ngingo Urukiko rwarayisobanuye neza, nk’uko byavuzwe haruguru.

[26]           Kubera izo mpamvu zose, Urukiko rusanga agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko katanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga.

III. ICYEMEZO CY’URUKIKO

[27]           Rwemeje ko ikirego cya Kamegeri Emmanuel gisaba kwemeza ko agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko kanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda nta shingiro gifite;

[28]           Rwemeje ko agace ka 1^o, k’igika cya mbere, cy’ingingo ya 46 y’Itegeko N° 30/2018 ryo ku wa 02/06/2018 rigena ububasha bw’inkiko katanyuranyije n’ingingo ya 29, igika cya mbere, agace ka gatatu, y’Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda.